The new design philosophy of Arts and Crafts that sprang up
after 1870 was a reaction to mass produced goods and inferior machine made
products. It was a reaction to the shoddy interior and ornamental products of
the industrial revolution. Leaders of the movement in England included William
Morris and John Ruskin and they promoted simple Arts and Crafts of designs based
on floral, primitive or Celtic forms worked as wallpapers, furniture and
jewellery.
The polished stones used in Arts and Crafts jewellery gave a
medieval, simpler, gentler, tooled hand made look and feel to items. People
inspired by the movement to produce work of a more individual nature included
Liberty of London and Renee Mackintosh of Glasgow. By 1900, Arts and Crafts as a
movement declined, so Art Nouveau, a more ostentatious version started in France took root.
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