Tungsten carbide tool wear in the cutting tool in high temperature conditions by the workpiece, the friction of the chip, so that the tool material is gradually wear or breakage phenomena. Research tool wear causes prevent premature excessive tool wear and how to extend tool life, which is affecting the efficiency of production, processing costs and processing quality is an important topic.
Tungsten carbide tool wear in the form of: Carbide tool wear normal tool wear and abnormal tool wear can be divided into two categories. Normal tool wear the continuous gradual wear and tear, abnormal tool wear, including brittle breakage and plastic damaged two.
2013年3月28日星期四
BUE carbide cutting tools
BUE carbide cutting tool is a chip stacking a hard wedge near the cutting edge in front of the cutting tool, it is in the first Ⅱ deformation zone (first Ⅱ deformation zone of the bottom of the chips in contact with the front of the cutting tool refers plastically deformation of the area), is formed by the friction and deformation of the physical phenomena. In the production of medium carbon steel, mild steel, aluminum, plastic metal car, drilling, reaming, pull and thread processing may occur BUE.
Basic law of the process of carbide cutting tool
Carbide cutting tools during the cutting process is the process of the chips and the machining surface is formed by cutting movement by a cemented carbide cutting tool from the workpiece, cut the excess metal layer,cemented carbide cutting tool is deformed in this process,forms a chip, resulting in the cutting force,cutting heat cutting temperature,cutting tool wear phenomena.
Will cut off the peel rewound apple, can also be in accordance with the original look of the pieces together. However, the cutting metal carbide cutting tools, especially in the continuous cutting of steel, the chip will not follow as it rolled up. Not because the chip is too hard, but because the chip length will change's sake. At the same time, the chip will be widened to thicken. In other words, the different elements of the cutting chip shape is also very different. The thickness of the chip is typically several times the original, while the length of the chips is a fraction of the original. Accordingly, the chips obtained by using a cutting speed cutting, equivalent based on the fraction of the chips generated by the cutting speed.
The shape of the chip according to the formed after shear slip of the cutting tool, the chip is divided into four types.
1.Ribbon chips
Plastic deformation of the cutting layer was cut off after the tool, the chip shape stretches continuous strip, chip along the tool in front of outflows.
2.Festival like chips
Cutting layer in the plastic deformation process, the shear stress of the shear surface at the local position of the material strength limit partially broken, so that cracking of the chip top surface forming nodose.
3.Granular chips
Generated in the shear surface of the shear stress exceeds the material strength limit, the chips formed are shear breaking into a granular form.
4.chipping chips
When cutting cast iron brittle metal, the chip layer has not been plastically deformed, the loose interface between the graphite and the ferrite material tissue produce irregular fracture, while the formation of cracked chips.
Will cut off the peel rewound apple, can also be in accordance with the original look of the pieces together. However, the cutting metal carbide cutting tools, especially in the continuous cutting of steel, the chip will not follow as it rolled up. Not because the chip is too hard, but because the chip length will change's sake. At the same time, the chip will be widened to thicken. In other words, the different elements of the cutting chip shape is also very different. The thickness of the chip is typically several times the original, while the length of the chips is a fraction of the original. Accordingly, the chips obtained by using a cutting speed cutting, equivalent based on the fraction of the chips generated by the cutting speed.
The shape of the chip according to the formed after shear slip of the cutting tool, the chip is divided into four types.
1.Ribbon chips
Plastic deformation of the cutting layer was cut off after the tool, the chip shape stretches continuous strip, chip along the tool in front of outflows.
2.Festival like chips
Cutting layer in the plastic deformation process, the shear stress of the shear surface at the local position of the material strength limit partially broken, so that cracking of the chip top surface forming nodose.
3.Granular chips
Generated in the shear surface of the shear stress exceeds the material strength limit, the chips formed are shear breaking into a granular form.
4.chipping chips
When cutting cast iron brittle metal, the chip layer has not been plastically deformed, the loose interface between the graphite and the ferrite material tissue produce irregular fracture, while the formation of cracked chips.
2013年3月22日星期五
Tungsten carbide and the environment
Environmental information from manufacturing and processing of tungsten carbide is available for the H. C. Starck plant in Germany (H. C. Starck, 2005).
The exhausts from manufacturing and processing are connected to exhaust filters. Thus, at H. C. StarcK during production virtually no tungsten carbide is emitted into the atmosphere, in 2003, according to the current Official Emission Declaration, virtually no tungsten carbide (< 25 kg/a) was emitted into the atmosphere (H. C. Starck, 2005).
The carburization of tungsten or other precursors is virtually free of liquid water.
The exhausts from manufacturing and processing are connected to exhaust filters. Thus, at H. C. StarcK during production virtually no tungsten carbide is emitted into the atmosphere, in 2003, according to the current Official Emission Declaration, virtually no tungsten carbide (< 25 kg/a) was emitted into the atmosphere (H. C. Starck, 2005).
The carburization of tungsten or other precursors is virtually free of liquid water.
Bioaccumulation for Tungsten carbide
Measured bioconcentration factors (BCF) for tungsten carbide are not available.
Estimation of a possible bioaccumulation potential of tungsten carbide is not practicable with the EPIWIN estimation program, since the structure of the substance is not accepted. It is expected that bioaccumulation of tungsten carbide is unlikely to occur.
Estimation of a possible bioaccumulation potential of tungsten carbide is not practicable with the EPIWIN estimation program, since the structure of the substance is not accepted. It is expected that bioaccumulation of tungsten carbide is unlikely to occur.
Biodegradation for Tungsten Carbide
Due to its inertness and its low solubility in water of tungsten carbide，it is expected that the substance exists as insoluble particles in the environment. Tungsten carbide is thus not bioavailable for microorganisms for degradation and on the other hand not degradable due to the inorganic character of the substance. Therefore no biodegradation can be expected.
Transport Tungsten Carbide between Environmental Compartments
The distribution of tungsten carbide between the environmental compartments cannot be calculated with the EPIWIN estimation program, since the structure of the molecule is not accepted. Also the distribution of tungsten carbide according to Mackay Level I cannot be calculated (Bayer Industry Services, 2005; Noack, 1995 a, b,c).
It is assumed that the vapour pressure of the substance is to be extremely low and thus, any processes of volatilization are unlikely to occur (Bayer Industry Services, 2005).
In the ambient atmosphere, tungsten carbide will exist solely in the particulate phase and may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition (Bayer Industry Services, 2005).
It is assumed that the vapour pressure of the substance is to be extremely low and thus, any processes of volatilization are unlikely to occur (Bayer Industry Services, 2005).
In the ambient atmosphere, tungsten carbide will exist solely in the particulate phase and may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition (Bayer Industry Services, 2005).
Tungsten carbide Stability in Water
Due to the physical-chemical properties of tungsten carbide, it is expected that the substance exists as insoluble particles in water. The water solubility was experimentally determined according to the Directive 92/69/EEC, A.6 “water solubility， comparable to OECD TG 105 (Cassella Aktiengesellschaft, 1995). Since less than 0.0001 g/1 tungsten carbide is soluble in water, the substance can be regarded as insoluble in water. Furthermore, the substance is also insoluble in water and dilute acids，but forms soluble salts in hot mixtures of HNO3 and HF .
The photodegradation of tungsten carbide
The photodegradation of tungsten carbide cannot be calculated with the EPIWIN estimation program. The structure of the molecule is not accepted by the program. Moreover, due to the inorganic character of the substance calculations are not appropriate for the substance (Bayer Industry Services, 2005).
Tungsten Carbide Production Volumes and Use Pattern
Tungsten carbide is manufactured by direct carburization of tungsten with carbon (Roempp, 2003). Mixtures of metal and carbon black or graphite are heated at a temperature of 1400 . 2000 °C in vacuum or under hydrogen (Tulhoff, 2000):
W + C-> WC.
When heating a mixture of tungsten and carbon in a carbon tube or high-frequency furnace to ca. 2800 °C, cast tungsten carbide is obtained (Gmelin, 1993). However, most tungsten carbide is sold as powders with distinct ranges of grain sizes (Tulhoff,2000).
Purity and grain size determine the physical properties and the technical applicability of tungsten carbide. Since milling changes the chemical composition and the shape of the grains, coarse powders of tungsten carbide can not be milled to obtain fine-grained powders. Instead, to obtain the desired industrial product, the particle size of the raw materials is carefully selected. The grain size of the product is also influenced by namufacturing parameters like temperature, reaction time, presence of humidity and Typical production lines start from tungsten ore (W, Nb, Fe-oxides), tungsten scrap, scheelite (CaWO4), tungsten acid (H2WO4), and ammonium paratungstate ((NH4)10W12O41 x 5 H2O), Typical intermediates are yellow (WO3) blue (approximately W4O11) and brown tungsten oxide (WO2). There are severaJ methods for the manufacturing of the technical tungsten carbide powders (Tulhoff, 2000): Tungstic acid powder is reduced to tungsten by hydrog at 750°C.The metal particles are carburized at 1400°C.This method is applied for fine powder with an average grain size of 1 ｕm.
W + C-> WC.
When heating a mixture of tungsten and carbon in a carbon tube or high-frequency furnace to ca. 2800 °C, cast tungsten carbide is obtained (Gmelin, 1993). However, most tungsten carbide is sold as powders with distinct ranges of grain sizes (Tulhoff,2000).
Purity and grain size determine the physical properties and the technical applicability of tungsten carbide. Since milling changes the chemical composition and the shape of the grains, coarse powders of tungsten carbide can not be milled to obtain fine-grained powders. Instead, to obtain the desired industrial product, the particle size of the raw materials is carefully selected. The grain size of the product is also influenced by namufacturing parameters like temperature, reaction time, presence of humidity and Typical production lines start from tungsten ore (W, Nb, Fe-oxides), tungsten scrap, scheelite (CaWO4), tungsten acid (H2WO4), and ammonium paratungstate ((NH4)10W12O41 x 5 H2O), Typical intermediates are yellow (WO3) blue (approximately W4O11) and brown tungsten oxide (WO2). There are severaJ methods for the manufacturing of the technical tungsten carbide powders (Tulhoff, 2000): Tungstic acid powder is reduced to tungsten by hydrog at 750°C.The metal particles are carburized at 1400°C.This method is applied for fine powder with an average grain size of 1 ｕm.
2013年3月15日星期五
Carbide cutting tool angle reference system
Cemented carbide cutting tool angle is important parameter for determining the carbide cutting portion of the cutting tool geometry. Cemented carbide cutting tool angle for defining the respective reference coordinate plane, called the reference system. Reference system, there are two types: the tool stationary reference frame - the marked tool design, grinding and measuring benchmarks using this tool angle defined by said tool marked angle; the tool working reference system - to determine the cutting tool angles benchmark, use this tool angle defined by said tool angle.
Cemented carbide cutting tool design, label, grinding, the most common is the measured angle to the reference system of the orthogonal planes. But the label indexable cutter or a large edge inclination tool commonly used in the normal plane of reference. In the manufacturing process of carbide cutting tools such as milling cutter groove when sharpening flank, often required assuming that the work plane, the angle of the back of the plane reference system, or prior to use, followed by orthogonal plane angle of the reference system.
Carbide cutting tool angle
Carbide cutting tool angle is expressed in spatial orientation parameters carbide cutting tool surface. In the perspective of various types of reference lines on the most basic type only four, namely the anterior horn, posterior horn, declination, edge inclination angle.
Cemented carbide cutting tool design, label, grinding, the most common is the measured angle to the reference system of the orthogonal planes. But the label indexable cutter or a large edge inclination tool commonly used in the normal plane of reference. In the manufacturing process of carbide cutting tools such as milling cutter groove when sharpening flank, often required assuming that the work plane, the angle of the back of the plane reference system, or prior to use, followed by orthogonal plane angle of the reference system.
Carbide cutting tool angle
Carbide cutting tool angle is expressed in spatial orientation parameters carbide cutting tool surface. In the perspective of various types of reference lines on the most basic type only four, namely the anterior horn, posterior horn, declination, edge inclination angle.
Cutting part definition of carbide cutting tool
Carbide cutting tool
As shown in the figure, turning the two parts of the head, shank. Bit for cutting, used for clamping shank.
The cutting portion of cemented carbide cutting tool is constituted by the rake face, cutting edge. Flank marked with the letter A and the lower corner of a symbol mark, the cutting edge is marked with the letter S. Minor cutting edge and its associated flank plus in the upper right corner of the tag write to show the difference.
l. flank
Aγ - the rake face on a cemented carbide cutting tool the surface of the chip flow.
Flank Aa - the opposite surface and the transition surface.
Flanks Aa' - the surface opposite to the machined surface.
Carbide cutting tool body contained between the front and rear part of said knife wedge.
2. Cutting edge
The main cutting edge S - collected and submitted by the front and rear edges.
The secondary cutting edge S'- outside the top of the main cutting edge of the cutting edge.
3. The tool tip
Issue to the short main and auxiliary cutting edge to cutting edge of the tool tip.
Impossible to sharpening very sharp cutting edge, there is always some edge arc, as shown in Figure a. The degree of edge sharp cutting blade edge radius rn The General Tool Steel Tool rn about 0. 01-0.02mm, carbide cutting tools rn is about 0.02-0 04mm. Meet different processing requirements in order to improve the edge strength to the front, rear grind the chamfered surface Aγ1, Aɑ1, Figure a shows. bγ1 is the first front Aγ1 chamfers width; bɑ1, first behind Aɑ1 chamfer width.
In order to improve the cutting performance of the tool tip, often made the tool tip rounded tip or a chamfering tool tip
As shown in the figure, turning the two parts of the head, shank. Bit for cutting, used for clamping shank.
The cutting portion of cemented carbide cutting tool is constituted by the rake face, cutting edge. Flank marked with the letter A and the lower corner of a symbol mark, the cutting edge is marked with the letter S. Minor cutting edge and its associated flank plus in the upper right corner of the tag write to show the difference.
l. flank
Aγ - the rake face on a cemented carbide cutting tool the surface of the chip flow.
Flank Aa - the opposite surface and the transition surface.
Flanks Aa' - the surface opposite to the machined surface.
Carbide cutting tool body contained between the front and rear part of said knife wedge.
2. Cutting edge
The main cutting edge S - collected and submitted by the front and rear edges.
The secondary cutting edge S'- outside the top of the main cutting edge of the cutting edge.
3. The tool tip
Issue to the short main and auxiliary cutting edge to cutting edge of the tool tip.
Impossible to sharpening very sharp cutting edge, there is always some edge arc, as shown in Figure a. The degree of edge sharp cutting blade edge radius rn The General Tool Steel Tool rn about 0. 01-0.02mm, carbide cutting tools rn is about 0.02-0 04mm. Meet different processing requirements in order to improve the edge strength to the front, rear grind the chamfered surface Aγ1, Aɑ1, Figure a shows. bγ1 is the first front Aγ1 chamfers width; bɑ1, first behind Aɑ1 chamfer width.
In order to improve the cutting performance of the tool tip, often made the tool tip rounded tip or a chamfering tool tip
Cemented carbide cutting tool cutting motion
Cemented carbide cutting tool cutting movement in the role played by relative movement of the workpiece and cemented carbide cutting tool machining, divided into the main movement and feed movement.
1 main movement
The main movement is the most important cutting power consumption up to the movement, it is the relative motion of carbide cutting tool and the workpiece between students. The car, the main movement of the boring machine spindle rotation movement.
2. Feed motion
The feed movement of the additional movement is generated between the cemented carbide cutting tool and the workpiece in order to maintain the cutting performed continuously. FIG Vf is cars cylindrical longitudinal feed speed of movement, it is continuous. Infeed movement is intermittent.
3. Cutting layer
Cutting carbide cutting tool to cut through the removal of the workpiece in a single pass of the workpiece material layer. Workpiece rotation time, the cemented carbide cutting tool just moved from position I to Ⅱ, cut the workpiece material between the layer I and Ⅱ. The quadrilateral ABCD known as the nominal cross-sectional area of the cutting layer.
1 main movement
The main movement is the most important cutting power consumption up to the movement, it is the relative motion of carbide cutting tool and the workpiece between students. The car, the main movement of the boring machine spindle rotation movement.
2. Feed motion
The feed movement of the additional movement is generated between the cemented carbide cutting tool and the workpiece in order to maintain the cutting performed continuously. FIG Vf is cars cylindrical longitudinal feed speed of movement, it is continuous. Infeed movement is intermittent.
3. Cutting layer
Cutting carbide cutting tool to cut through the removal of the workpiece in a single pass of the workpiece material layer. Workpiece rotation time, the cemented carbide cutting tool just moved from position I to Ⅱ, cut the workpiece material between the layer I and Ⅱ. The quadrilateral ABCD known as the nominal cross-sectional area of the cutting layer.
Cemented Carbide Composit Sheet
With characteristics of hihg hardness, good wear resistance and impact resistance, cemented carbide composite sheets are often used in mining exploration, mining excavation and processing areas.
Chinatungsten has in its possession an advanced production line for manufacturing cemented carbide composite sheets. We can supply customized cemented carbide composite sheets of various specifications based on the requirements of our customers.
Chinatungsten has in its possession an advanced production line for manufacturing cemented carbide composite sheets. We can supply customized cemented carbide composite sheets of various specifications based on the requirements of our customers.
2013年3月8日星期五
Superiority of cemented carbide sleeves
Cemented carbide sleeves are the basic material among the frictional materials.
It has the following superiority:
1. Used for water pump, oil pump and other pumps, especially used for high pressure or corrosion resistance pumps.
2. Good wear resistance.
3. Keeping operation precision, prolong the lifetime of rolling axletree.
4. Good materials, perfect performance, high machining accuracy.
5. Various types and grades, supplied as required.
It has the following superiority:
1. Used for water pump, oil pump and other pumps, especially used for high pressure or corrosion resistance pumps.
2. Good wear resistance.
3. Keeping operation precision, prolong the lifetime of rolling axletree.
4. Good materials, perfect performance, high machining accuracy.
5. Various types and grades, supplied as required.
Cemented Carbide Sleeves
Cemented carbide sleeves are widely known for its durability and quality. They can withstand high pressure and are resistant to corrosion so they are widely used in water pumps, oil pumps and various other pumps. Today, cemented caride sleeves have been playing an important role in the field of long working parts material.
Applications of Cemented Carbide Balls
Cemented carbide balls are used where extreme hardness and wear resistance is required. Use of cemented carbide balls is basically seen for heavy machinery applications. The main reason for using tungsten carbide ball in heavy machinery is because of their performance and stability. Cemented carbide balls are much stronger than chrome or stainless steel; it also makes it flexible and easy to use for heavy operations.
Apart from heavy machinery, cemented carbide balls has also been used for other applications like industrial sprayers. Industrial sprayers make use of such balls for their daily operations. Cemented carbide balls regulate the flow according to the requirement. In short the flow of spray can be adjusted (increased or decreased) according to the requirement of specific crops. Cemented carbide balls also contribute in saving of excessive usage of pesticides, wastage is avoided.
The petroleum drilling industry also uses cemented carbide balls for their applications. Cemented carbide balls are multitasking tools that have been tested and tried for various industrial applications. Strength of the balls helps in hardbanding down hole tool. Cemented carbide balls keep the pressure intact and ensures the entire process to be completed in the expected manner.Cemented carbide balls are also one of the critical applications of the petroleum mining industry.
They are commonly used in ballizing. Ballizing is a fast low-cost process to sizing and finishing tubing and holes in metal. Pressing a slightly oversized tungsten carbide ball through the unfinished hole brings the hole up to desired size in seconds. Pressing a high precision tungsten carbide ball through an undersized hole in metal is to eliminate tool marks and to obtain dimensional accuracy. As the ball passes through the hole it does not remove material, but compresses it to form a much improved work hardened surface and a large improvement in hole tolerance.
Apart from heavy machinery, cemented carbide balls has also been used for other applications like industrial sprayers. Industrial sprayers make use of such balls for their daily operations. Cemented carbide balls regulate the flow according to the requirement. In short the flow of spray can be adjusted (increased or decreased) according to the requirement of specific crops. Cemented carbide balls also contribute in saving of excessive usage of pesticides, wastage is avoided.
The petroleum drilling industry also uses cemented carbide balls for their applications. Cemented carbide balls are multitasking tools that have been tested and tried for various industrial applications. Strength of the balls helps in hardbanding down hole tool. Cemented carbide balls keep the pressure intact and ensures the entire process to be completed in the expected manner.Cemented carbide balls are also one of the critical applications of the petroleum mining industry.
They are commonly used in ballizing. Ballizing is a fast low-cost process to sizing and finishing tubing and holes in metal. Pressing a slightly oversized tungsten carbide ball through the unfinished hole brings the hole up to desired size in seconds. Pressing a high precision tungsten carbide ball through an undersized hole in metal is to eliminate tool marks and to obtain dimensional accuracy. As the ball passes through the hole it does not remove material, but compresses it to form a much improved work hardened surface and a large improvement in hole tolerance.
Cemented Carbide Balls
Cemented carbide balls are a unique category of balls because it is manufactured in a sintering process, whereupon the metal powder is formed under extreme heat and pressure. Cemented carbide balls are extremely hard. The manufacturing technique makes cemented carbide ball substantially more expensive than other materials, but practically inert. Their relative inertness makes them extremely resistant to interaction with various liquids and alloys. Cemented carbide balls can be found in heavy machinery applications, since they are much stronger than stainless steel or chrome. Particularly, cemented carbide balls have been used in industrial sprayers to regulate the flow of fertilizers or pesticides to crops.
Cobalt binder cemented carbide is in many ways an ideal material for ball production. Its hardness and stiffness allows the production of extremely accurate balls, with very fine control of final size. The material is extremely stable and these properties make cemented carbide balls the ideal choice for reference standards in metrology. Equally, the same properties make the balls and ideal choice for all applications where wear rates need to be low.
Cobalt binder cemented carbide is in many ways an ideal material for ball production. Its hardness and stiffness allows the production of extremely accurate balls, with very fine control of final size. The material is extremely stable and these properties make cemented carbide balls the ideal choice for reference standards in metrology. Equally, the same properties make the balls and ideal choice for all applications where wear rates need to be low.
Cemented Carbide Seal Rings
Cemented carbide seal rings are ideal for high pressure applications due to a high modulus of elasticity which helps prevent face distortion. Cemented carbide also can be re-lapped and polished to be re-used.
Cemented carbide seal rings are used where resistant-wearing, high fractural strength, high thermal conductivity, and small heat expansion co-efficient are required. Cemented carbide seal rings are the best materials to resist heat and fracture in all hard face materials.
Cemented carbide seal rings are widely used in pumps, such as water pumps, circulation pumps for central heating, chemical pumps, sewage & submersible pumps. Besides, cemented carbide seal rings are used in oil pipeline pumps and boiler feed water pumps where materials are resistant to corrosion and high temperature. Moreover, being excellent in resistant-wearing, high fractural strength, high thermal conductivity, carbide seal rings are applied in mixers, compressors and blenders.
Cemented carbide seal rings are used where resistant-wearing, high fractural strength, high thermal conductivity, and small heat expansion co-efficient are required. Cemented carbide seal rings are the best materials to resist heat and fracture in all hard face materials.
Cemented carbide seal rings are widely used in pumps, such as water pumps, circulation pumps for central heating, chemical pumps, sewage & submersible pumps. Besides, cemented carbide seal rings are used in oil pipeline pumps and boiler feed water pumps where materials are resistant to corrosion and high temperature. Moreover, being excellent in resistant-wearing, high fractural strength, high thermal conductivity, carbide seal rings are applied in mixers, compressors and blenders.
Cemented Carbide Gauge Blocks
Cemented carbide gauge blocks are made of cemented carbide and they remain the advantages of cemented carbide which is of good wear resistance,high hardness and good corrosion resistance.
Cemented carbide gauge blocks belong to cemented carbide wear parts.
Cemented carbide gauge blocks can be divided into five series:
LG (gauge), LH (ring gauge), LS (plug gauge), LK (caliper gauge), and LC (Micrometer measuring head).
Features of cemented carbide gauge blocks:
.Resistant to corrosion and abrasion;
.Long operation;
.Withstand high pressure;
.Dimensionally accuracy;
Cemented carbide gauge blocks belong to cemented carbide wear parts.
Cemented carbide gauge blocks can be divided into five series:
LG (gauge), LH (ring gauge), LS (plug gauge), LK (caliper gauge), and LC (Micrometer measuring head).
Features of cemented carbide gauge blocks:
.Resistant to corrosion and abrasion;
.Long operation;
.Withstand high pressure;
.Dimensionally accuracy;
Cemented Carbide Rotary Teeth
Cemented carbide rotary teeth is found in a wide range of mechanical, aerospace,automative,shipbuilding,chemical,process of carving and other industrial sectors, the main applications are:
(1)finishing metal mold cavity, such as shoes, etc
(2)all kinds of metal and non-metal of engraving, handcraft engraving.
(3)clean up casting, forging, welding pieces of burr, weld, such as casting plants, ship
(4)various parts of the chamfer round and grooved pipe processing, cleaning, finishing machinery parts bore surface, such as machinery, garage, etc
(5)Finishing impeller flow parts, such as automotive engine factory.
(1)finishing metal mold cavity, such as shoes, etc
(2)all kinds of metal and non-metal of engraving, handcraft engraving.
(3)clean up casting, forging, welding pieces of burr, weld, such as casting plants, ship
(4)various parts of the chamfer round and grooved pipe processing, cleaning, finishing machinery parts bore surface, such as machinery, garage, etc
(5)Finishing impeller flow parts, such as automotive engine factory.
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